REEXAMINING THE ESTABLISHED: THE CASE OF TRIUMPH OF THE WILL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2298/FID251011007CKeywords:
Triumph of the Will, Leni Reifenstahl, immoral artworks, ethical criticism of art, value interaction debate, propaganda art, historical context, artistic intention, aesthetic and moral valueAbstract
This article critically reexamines Triumph of the Will and its widely accepted role as a paradigmatic example of immoral art. Although frequently cited in discussions of the interaction value debate and ethical criticism of art as an immoral artwork, the article argues that the film’s complexity undermines its suitability as a clear example of immorality in art. By discussing its immorality from various perspectives and forms of immorality (content, production, authorship), the article highlights the film’s ambiguity, especially when interpreted through different time and genre frameworks. Reexamining the Established: The Case of Triumph of the Will investigates notions of content, artistic intentions, and reliability, questioning the debate over the film’s immorality by juxtaposing propaganda, documentary, and historical context. The article offers an extensive analysis of artistic procedures, aesthetic achievements, genre determinants, and historical data, emphasizing the need to understand the complexity of the case. This extensive analysis offers a new reading of the film, noting that the film’s immorality heavily depends on background knowledge, historical distance, and audience perspective. Consequently, the article concludes that while Triumph of the Will is morally and politically troubling, the extensive investigation and interpretation tasks make its use as a foundational example in discussions of immoral art problematic and call for greater critical nuance.
References
Anderson, James C., and Jeffrey T. Dean. 1998. “Moderate Autonomism.” British Journal ofAesthetics 38(2):150–166. doi:10.1093/bjaesthetics/38.2.150.
Angelovski, Jelena. 2012. “‘Triumph of the Will’ as a Paradigm of Non-Verbal Communication of the Third Reich.” CM – Časopis za upravljanje komuniciranjem 7:53–72. doi:10.5937/comman1223053A.
Bach, Steven. 2002. “The Puzzle of Leni Riefenstahl.” The Wilson Quarterly 26(4):43–46.
______. 2007. Leni: The Life and Work of Leni Riefenstahl. New York: A.A. Knopf.
Brenner, Hildegard. 1992. Kulturna politika Nacionalsocijalizma. Zagreb: August Cesarec.
Burns, Andrew O. 2019. “‘Ein Pakt mit dem Teufel’: Leni Riefenstahl, Triumph of the Will, and the Nature of Guilt.” Student Research Paper. URL: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship/701 (last accessed: May 11, 2025).
Carroll, Noël. 1996. “Moderate Moralism.” The British Journal of Aesthetics 36(3):223–238. doi:10.1093/bjaesthetics/36.3.223.
______. 1998. “Moderate Moralism Versus Moderate Autonomism.” The British Journal of Aesthetics 38(4):419–424. doi:10.1093/bjaesthetics/38.4.419.
Chornyi, Maxim. 2019. “Triumph of the Will Analysis.” URL: https://war-documentary.info/triumph-of-the-will/ (last accessed: June 22, 2025).
Corliss, Richard. 2002. “That Old Feeling: Leni’s Triumph.” Time, August 22.
Czerny Urban, Milica. 2021. “Vrijednost umjetnosti i pitanje nemoralnih umjetničkih djela / The Value of Art and the Issue of Immoral Works of Art.” Doctoral Thesis, University of Rijeka. URL: https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:186:051880
Dachau. n.d. “Holocaust Encyclopedia.” URL: https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org (last accessed: May 12, 2025).
Devereaux, Mary. 1998. “Beauty and Evil: The Case of Leni Riefenstahl’s Triumph of the Will.” In: Levinson, Jerrold, ed. Aesthetics and Ethics: Essays at the Intersection. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.: 227–256.
Eaton, A. W. 2012. “Robust Immoralism.” The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 70(3):281–292.
Ebert, Roger. 2012. “German Filmmaker Riefenstahl Dies at 101.” URL: https://www.rogerebert.com/interviews/german-filmmaker-riefenstahl-dies-at-101 (last accessed: May 13, 2025).
Gaut, Berys. 1998. “The Ethical Criticism of Art.” In: Levinson, Jerrold, ed. Aesthetics and Ethics: Essays at the Intersection. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.: 182–203.
______. 2007. Art, Emotion and Ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Griffith, David Wark, dir. 1915. The Birth of a Nation. Epoch Producing Co.
Gunston, David. 1960. “Leni Riefenstahl.” Film Quarterly 14(1):4–19. doi:10.2307/1211058.
Harold, James. 2005. “On Judging the Moral Value of Narrative Artworks.” The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 64(2):259–270. doi:10.1111/j.0021-8529.2006.00247.x.
Hickey, Deirdre. 1994. “Leni Riefenstahl: A Documentary Film Maker?” Bachelor Thesis, Faculty of History of Art and Design. URL: https://thesis.ncad.ie/T1361_Leni%20Riefenstahl%20A%20Documentary%20Film%20Maker-_NC00207683.pdf. (last accessed: May 16, 2025).
Hinton, David B. 1975. “‘Triumph of the Will’: Document or Artifice?” Cinema Journal 15(1):48–57. doi:10.2307/1225104.
Jacobson, Daniel. 1997. “In Praise of Immoral Art.” Philosophical Topics 25(1):155–199.
Kieran, Matthew. 2002. “Forbidden Knowledge: The Challenge of Immoralism.” In: Bermúdez, José Luis, and Sebastian Gardner, eds. Art and Morality. London: Routledge, pp.: 56–78.
______. 2003. “Art and Morality.” In: Levinson, Jerrold, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Aesthetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
______. 2004. Revealing Art. Taylor & Francis.
Lelas, Valentina. 2019. “Spaljivanja knjiga u nacističkoj Njemačkoj.” Undergraduate Thesis. University of Zagreb. URL: https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:131:484728 (last accessed: May 19, 2025).
Mullin, Amy. 2004. “Moral Defects, Aesthetic Defects, and the Imagination.” The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 62(3):249–261.
Nannicelli, Ted. 2020. Artistic Creation and Ethical Criticism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Panitz, Hans-Jürgen, dir. 2002. The Immoderation of Me, Sandra Maischberger meets Leni Riefenstahl). (ARD / BR).
Riefenstahl, Leni, dir. 1935. Triumph des Willens / Triumph of the Will. Reichsparteitag-Film.
______. 1995. Leni Riefenstahl: A Memoir. New York: Picador USA.
Rifenštal, Leni. 2006. Sećanja. Beograd: Logos.
Ross, Sheryl Tuttle. 2002. “Understanding Propaganda: The Epistemic Merit Model and Its Application to Art.” Journal of Aesthetic Education 36(1):16–30. doi:10.2307/3333623.
Sennett, Alan. 2014. “Film Propaganda: Triumph of the Will as a Case Study.” Framework: The Journal of Cinema and Media 55(1):45–65. doi:10.13110/framework.55.1.0045.
Sklar, Robert. 1994. “The Devil’s Director.” Cinéaste 20(3):18–21.
Smith, Bruce Lannes. n.d. “Propaganda.” Encyclopedia Britannica. URL: https://www.britannica.com/topic/propaganda (last accessed: April 27, 2021).
Social Studies School Service. n.d. “Teacher’s Guide: Triumph of the Will.” https://www.socialstudies.com/pdf/SV678DVTG.pdf (last accessed: May 19, 2025).
Soussloff, Catherine M., and Bill Nichols. 1996. “Leni Riefenstahl: The Power of the Image.” Discourse 18(3):20–44.
Strögten, Stefan. 2008. “‘I Compose the Party Rally…’: The Role of Music in Leni Riefenstahl’s Triumph of the Will.” Music & Politics II(1). doi:10.3998/mp.9460447.0002.101.
Thomson, David. 2010. The New Biographical Dictionary of Film. 5th ed. London: Little, Brown Book Group.
Translations: Gushue, P. B., A. R. Santoro, and T. Carreon. n.d. “Triumph of the Will — Illustrated Screenplay.”
Veiel, Andres, dir. 2024. Riefenstahl. Vincent Productions; WDR; SWR.
Wahl, Chris. 2025. “Triumph of the Will (1935): On the Way to an Archaeological Biography of an Iconic Film.” Research in Film and History 7:1–50. doi:10.25969/mediarep/24051.
Walton, Kendall L., and Michael Tanner. 1994. “Morals in Fiction and Fictional Morality.” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes 68:27–66.
Welch, David. 1983. Propaganda and the German Cinema, 1933–1945. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Filozofija i društvo/Philosophy and Society

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Articles published in Philosophy and Society are open-access in accordance with the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 License.