The possibilities and limits of non-territorial autonomy in securing indigenous self-determination
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2298/FID2003363SKeywords:
non-territorial autonomy, indigenous people, self-determination, self-governance, decision making, Sámi peopleAbstract
Non-territorial autonomy (NTA) incorporates a mixture of different arrangements such as consociationalism and national-cultural autonomy (NCA), and forms of representation that de-territorialize self-determination. The paper analyses NTA possibilities in reaching indigenous self-governance and reveals the dilemmas in the applicability of NTA for securing the right to self-determination of indigenous peoples. Although the practice points towards some positive examples and successes of NTA institutions related to ingenious peoples (e.g. Sámi Parliaments), the question remains whether NTA holds sufficient potential for addressing indigenous needs upheld by the international principle “right to land, territories and traditionally owned resources.”
References
Anaya, James (1996), Indigenous Peoples in International Law. New York: Oxford University Press.
Anaya, James and Sergio Puig (2017), “Mitigating State Sovereignty: The Duty to Consult with Indigenous Peoples”, University of Toronto Law Journal 67(4): 435–464.
Bhengra, Ratnaker, C.R.Bijoy and Shimreichon Luithui (1998), The Adivasis of India. London: Minority Rights Group.
Blaser, Mario et all (eds.) (2010), Indigenous Peoples and Autonomy Insights for a Global Age. UBC Press: Vancouver, Toronto.
Burger, Julian (1987), Report from the Frontier: The State of the World’s Indigenous Peoples. London: Zed Books.
Burger, Julian (1990), The Gaia Atlas of First Peoples: A Future for the Indigenous World. New York: Doubleday.
Cassese, Antonio (1995), Self-Determination of the Peoples: A Legal Reappraisal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Castelino, Joshua (2000), International Law & Self-Determination: The Interplay of the Politics of Territorial Possession with Formulations of ‘National’ Identity. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Castelino Joshua (2014), “International Law and Self-determination of Peoples, Indigenous Peoples, and Minorities”, in Walter, Christian, Antje von Ungern-Sternberg and Kavus Abushov (eds.), Self-Determination and Secession in International Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cittadino, Federica (2019), Incorporating Indigenous Rights in the International Regime on Biodiversity Protection: Access, Benefit-Sharing and Conservation in Indigenous Lands. Leiden: Brill.
Cobo, José Martínez (1986), “Study on the Problem of Discrimination against Indigenous Populations”, UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/1986/Add.4.
—. (1983), “Study of the Problem of Discrimination Against Indigenous Populations”, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1983/21/Add.8, U.N. Sales No. E.86.XIV.3
Crawford, James (1979), The Creation of States in International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cristescu, Aureliu (1981), “The Right to Self-Determination, Historical and Current Development on the Basis of United Nations Instruments”, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/404/Rev.1
De Villiers, Abraham B. (2020), “A Fresh Approach to Aboriginal Self-Government and Co-Government – Grassroots Empowerment”, Brief 47(1): 10–15.
Eriksson, Johan (1997), Partition and Redemption. A Machiavellian Analysis of Sámi and Basque Patriotism. Umeå: Umeå University.
Falk, Richard (2002), “Self-Determination under International Law”, in Danspeckgruber, Wolfgang (ed.), Self-Determination of Peoples, Community, Nation and State in Interdependent World, Boulder and London: Lynne Reinner Publishers, pp. 31–67.
Fitzmaurice, Malgosia (2017), “Indigenous Peoples and Intergenerational Equity as an Emerging Aspect of Ethno-Cultural Diversity in International Law”, in Pentassuglia, G. (ed.), Ethno-Cultural Diversity and Human Rights, pp. 188–222.
Gilbert, Jérémie (2007), Indigenous People’s Land Rights Under International Law: From Victims to Actors. Leiden: Brill and Martinus Nijhoff.
Gómez Isa, Felipe (2017), “International Law, Ethno-Cultural Diversity and Indigenous Peoples’ Rights: A Postcolonial Approach”, in Pentassuglia, G. (ed.), Ethno-Cultural Diversity and Human Rights, pp. 168–187.
Hannum, Hurst (1990), Autonomy, Sovereignty and Self-Determination, the Accommodation of Conflict Rights. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Halperin, Morton, David Scheffer and Patricia Small (1992), Self-Determination in the New World Order. Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Summers, James (2007), Peoples and International Law: How Nationalism and Self-Determination Shape a Contemporary Law of Nations. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.
Josefsen, Eva (2011), “The Norwegian Saami Parliament and Saami Political Empowerment”, in Minnerup, Gunter and Pia Solberg (eds.), First World, First Nations: Internal Colonialism and Indigenous Self-Determination in Northern Europe and Australia, Thornhill: Sussex Academic Press.
Josefsen, Eva, Ulf Mörkenstamb and Jo Saglie (2014), “Different Institutions within Similar States: The Norwegian and Swedish Sámediggis”, Ethnopolitics: Formerly Global Review of Ethnopolitics 14(1): 32–51.
Ivison, Duncan, Paul Patton and Will Sanders (eds.) (2000), Political Theory and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Karlsson, Bengt (2001), “Indigenous Politics: Community Formation and Indigenous Peoples’ Struggle for Self‐Determination in Northeast India”, Critique of Anthropology 23(4): 403–423.
Keal, Paul (2003), European Conquest and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: The Moral Backwardness of International Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kingsbury, Benedict (1998), “Indigenous Peoples in International Law: A Constructivist Approach to the Asian Controversy”, The American Journal of International Law 92(3): 414–457.
Korhecz, Tamas (2015), “National Minority Councils in Serbia”, in Malloy, T. H., A. Osipov and B. Vizi (eds.), Managing Diversity through Non-Territorial Autonomy: Assessing Advantages, Deficiencies and Risks, pp. 69–91.
Kuokkanen, Rauna (2019), Restructuring Relations, Restructuring Relations: Indigenous Self-Determination, Governance, and Gender. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kymlicka, Will (1998), Finding Our Way: Rethinking Ethnocultural Relations in Canada. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
—. (1996), Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kymlicka, Will and Alan Patten (eds.) (2003), Language Rights and Political Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lapidoth, Ruth (1997), Autonomy: Flexible Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts. Washington: United States Institute of Peace Press.
Levi, Jacob (2003), “Indigenous Self-Government”, in Macedo, Stephen and Allen Buchanan (eds.), Secession and Self-Determination, New York: New York University Press, pp. 119–135.
Lightfoot, Sheryl (2016), Global Indigenous politics: A Subtle Revolution. London and New York: Routledge.
Macklem, Patrick (2001), Indigenous Difference and the Constitution of Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Malloy, Tove H., Alexander Osipov and Balázs Vizi (eds.) (2015), Managing Diversity through Non-Territorial Autonomy: Assessing Advantages, Deficiencies and Risks. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Minnerup, Günter and Pia Solberg (eds.) (2011), First World, First Nations. Internal Colonialism and Indigenous Self-determination in Northern Europe and Australia. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press.
Moore, Margaret (2003), “An Historical Argument for Indigenous Self-Determination”, in Macedo, S. and A. Buchanan, Secession and Self- Determination, pp. 89–118.
Nimni, Ephraim (2015), “Minorities and the Limits of Liberal Democracy and Non-Territorial Autonomy”, in Malloy, Tove H. and Francesco Palermo (eds.), Minority Accommodation through Territorial and Non-Territorial Autonomy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 57–82.
—. (ed.) (2005), National Cultural Autonomy and its Contemporary Critics. London and New York: Routledge.
—. (ed.) (2000), The Question of Nationalities and Social Democracy: Otto Bauer.
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Orange, Richard (2020), “Indigenous Reindeer Herders win Hunting Rights Battle in Sweden” Guardian, 23 January.
Patton, Paul (2005), “National Autonomy and Indigenous Sovereignty”, in Nimni, E. (ed.), National Cultural Autonomy and its Contemporary Critics, pp. 96–105.
Pentassuglia, Gaetano (2018), Ethno-Cultural Diversity and Human Rights: Challenges and Critique. Leiden: Brill and Martinus Nijhoff.
Renan Ernst (1882), “Qu’est ce qu’une Nation?”, Paris: Sorbonne.
Robbins, Jane (2015), “Indigenous Political Representation in Liberal Democratic Countries: A Comparative Analysis”, in Berg-Nordlie, Mikkel, Jo Saglie, Ann Sullivan (eds.), Indigenous Politics: Institutions, Representation, Mobilisation, Colchester: ECPR Press, pp. 61–93.
Salat, Levente (2015), “Conclusion”, in Malloy, T. H., A. Osipov and B. Vizi (eds.), Managing Diversity through Non-Territorial Autonomy: Assessing Advantages, Deficiencies and Risks, pp. 249–274.
Sullivan, Tom (2011), “UN report slams Sweden over treatment of Samis”, Radio Sweden, 13 January, (internet) available at https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=4289211 (viewed 22 May, 2020)
Sanders, Douglas (1986), “Is Autonomy a Principle of International Law?”, Nordic Journal of International Law 55: 17–21.
Selle, Per and Kristin Strømsnes (2010), “Saami Citizenship: Marginalisation or Integration?”, Acta Borealia 27(1): 66–90.
Singh, Suresh K. (1993), “The Problem”, Seminar: Marginalised Tribals 412: 12–18.
Smith David (2013a), “Challenges of Non-Territorial Autonomy in Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe”, in Nimni, Ephraim, Alexander Osipov and David Smith (eds.), The Challenge of Non-Territorial Autonomy: Theory and Practice, Oxford: Peter Lang, pp. 117–132.
—. (2013b), “Non-Territorial Autonomy and Political Community in Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe”, Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe 12(1): 27–55.
Stavenhagen, Rodolfo (1994), “Indigenous Rights: Some Conceptual Problems”, in Assiens, Willem and Andre Hoekema (eds.), Indigenous People’s Experience with Self-Government, International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, Document no. 76.
Stepien, Adam, Anna Petrétei and Timo Koivurova (2015), “Sámi Parliaments in Finland, Norway, and Sweden”, in Malloy, T. H., A. Osipov and B. Vizi (eds.), Managing Diversity through Non-Territorial Autonomy: Assessing Advantages, Deficiencies and Risks, pp. 117–138.
Tomaselli, Alexandra (2016a), Indigenous People and Their Right to Political Participation. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
—. (2016b), “Exploring Indigenous Self-Government and Forms of Autonomy”, in Lennox, Corinne and Damien Short (eds.), Handbook of Indigenous Peoples’ Rights, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 83–100.
—. (2012), “Autonomía indígena originaria campesina in Bolivia: Realizing the Indigenous Autonomy?”, European Diversity and Autonomy Papers EDAP 01.
Tomaselli, Alexandra and Petra Granholm (2009), “The Frustrations of the Right to Political Participation of Minorities: Practical Limitations in the Case of the Nordic Sámi and the Roma”, European Yearbook of Minority Issues 8(1): 149–185.
Verma, R. C. (1990), Indian Tribes Through the Ages. New Delhi: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
Vizi, Balázs (2015), “Minority Self-Governments in Hungary”, in Malloy, T. H., A. Osipov and B. Vizi (eds.), Managing Diversity through Non-Territorial Autonomy: Assessing Advantages, Deficiencies and Risks, pp. 31–52.
Weller, Mark (2009), “Settling Self-Determination Conflicts: Recent Developments”, The European Journal of International Law 20(1): 111–165.
Weller, Mark and Katherine Nobbs (eds.) (2010), Asymmetric Autonomy and the Settlement of Ethnic Conflicts. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Wiberg, Matti (1998), “Political Autonomy: Ambiguities and Clarifications”, in Suksi, Markku (ed.), Autonomy: Applications and Implications, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, pp. 43–58.
Xanthaki, Alexandra (2007), Indigenous Rights and United Nations Standards: Self-Determination, Culture and Land. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Reports
International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA) (1995). The Indigenous World 1994-95.
Preparatory Report from the Sámi Parliament in Sweden/ Sámediggi/Sámedigge/Saemiedigkie/Sametinget for the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Ms. Victoria Tauli-Corpuz, prior to her 2015 August visit to Sápmi and Sweden
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples on the human rights situation of the Sámi people in the Sápmi region of Norway, Sweden and Finland, UN A/HRC/33/42/Add.3, 2016
United Nations (2011) A/HRC/18/XX/Add.Y, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Indigenous People, James Anaya, 12 January 2011
UN human rights experts find Finland violated Sámi political rights to Sámi Parliament representation, 4 February 2019, internet (available at) https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=24137&LangID=E (viewed 22 May 2020)
Anaya, James and Sergio Puig (2017), “Mitigating State Sovereignty: The Duty to Consult with Indigenous Peoples”, University of Toronto Law Journal 67(4): 435–464.
Bhengra, Ratnaker, C.R.Bijoy and Shimreichon Luithui (1998), The Adivasis of India. London: Minority Rights Group.
Blaser, Mario et all (eds.) (2010), Indigenous Peoples and Autonomy Insights for a Global Age. UBC Press: Vancouver, Toronto.
Burger, Julian (1987), Report from the Frontier: The State of the World’s Indigenous Peoples. London: Zed Books.
Burger, Julian (1990), The Gaia Atlas of First Peoples: A Future for the Indigenous World. New York: Doubleday.
Cassese, Antonio (1995), Self-Determination of the Peoples: A Legal Reappraisal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Castelino, Joshua (2000), International Law & Self-Determination: The Interplay of the Politics of Territorial Possession with Formulations of ‘National’ Identity. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Castelino Joshua (2014), “International Law and Self-determination of Peoples, Indigenous Peoples, and Minorities”, in Walter, Christian, Antje von Ungern-Sternberg and Kavus Abushov (eds.), Self-Determination and Secession in International Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cittadino, Federica (2019), Incorporating Indigenous Rights in the International Regime on Biodiversity Protection: Access, Benefit-Sharing and Conservation in Indigenous Lands. Leiden: Brill.
Cobo, José Martínez (1986), “Study on the Problem of Discrimination against Indigenous Populations”, UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/1986/Add.4.
—. (1983), “Study of the Problem of Discrimination Against Indigenous Populations”, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1983/21/Add.8, U.N. Sales No. E.86.XIV.3
Crawford, James (1979), The Creation of States in International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cristescu, Aureliu (1981), “The Right to Self-Determination, Historical and Current Development on the Basis of United Nations Instruments”, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/404/Rev.1
De Villiers, Abraham B. (2020), “A Fresh Approach to Aboriginal Self-Government and Co-Government – Grassroots Empowerment”, Brief 47(1): 10–15.
Eriksson, Johan (1997), Partition and Redemption. A Machiavellian Analysis of Sámi and Basque Patriotism. Umeå: Umeå University.
Falk, Richard (2002), “Self-Determination under International Law”, in Danspeckgruber, Wolfgang (ed.), Self-Determination of Peoples, Community, Nation and State in Interdependent World, Boulder and London: Lynne Reinner Publishers, pp. 31–67.
Fitzmaurice, Malgosia (2017), “Indigenous Peoples and Intergenerational Equity as an Emerging Aspect of Ethno-Cultural Diversity in International Law”, in Pentassuglia, G. (ed.), Ethno-Cultural Diversity and Human Rights, pp. 188–222.
Gilbert, Jérémie (2007), Indigenous People’s Land Rights Under International Law: From Victims to Actors. Leiden: Brill and Martinus Nijhoff.
Gómez Isa, Felipe (2017), “International Law, Ethno-Cultural Diversity and Indigenous Peoples’ Rights: A Postcolonial Approach”, in Pentassuglia, G. (ed.), Ethno-Cultural Diversity and Human Rights, pp. 168–187.
Hannum, Hurst (1990), Autonomy, Sovereignty and Self-Determination, the Accommodation of Conflict Rights. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Halperin, Morton, David Scheffer and Patricia Small (1992), Self-Determination in the New World Order. Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Summers, James (2007), Peoples and International Law: How Nationalism and Self-Determination Shape a Contemporary Law of Nations. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.
Josefsen, Eva (2011), “The Norwegian Saami Parliament and Saami Political Empowerment”, in Minnerup, Gunter and Pia Solberg (eds.), First World, First Nations: Internal Colonialism and Indigenous Self-Determination in Northern Europe and Australia, Thornhill: Sussex Academic Press.
Josefsen, Eva, Ulf Mörkenstamb and Jo Saglie (2014), “Different Institutions within Similar States: The Norwegian and Swedish Sámediggis”, Ethnopolitics: Formerly Global Review of Ethnopolitics 14(1): 32–51.
Ivison, Duncan, Paul Patton and Will Sanders (eds.) (2000), Political Theory and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Karlsson, Bengt (2001), “Indigenous Politics: Community Formation and Indigenous Peoples’ Struggle for Self‐Determination in Northeast India”, Critique of Anthropology 23(4): 403–423.
Keal, Paul (2003), European Conquest and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: The Moral Backwardness of International Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kingsbury, Benedict (1998), “Indigenous Peoples in International Law: A Constructivist Approach to the Asian Controversy”, The American Journal of International Law 92(3): 414–457.
Korhecz, Tamas (2015), “National Minority Councils in Serbia”, in Malloy, T. H., A. Osipov and B. Vizi (eds.), Managing Diversity through Non-Territorial Autonomy: Assessing Advantages, Deficiencies and Risks, pp. 69–91.
Kuokkanen, Rauna (2019), Restructuring Relations, Restructuring Relations: Indigenous Self-Determination, Governance, and Gender. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kymlicka, Will (1998), Finding Our Way: Rethinking Ethnocultural Relations in Canada. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
—. (1996), Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kymlicka, Will and Alan Patten (eds.) (2003), Language Rights and Political Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lapidoth, Ruth (1997), Autonomy: Flexible Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts. Washington: United States Institute of Peace Press.
Levi, Jacob (2003), “Indigenous Self-Government”, in Macedo, Stephen and Allen Buchanan (eds.), Secession and Self-Determination, New York: New York University Press, pp. 119–135.
Lightfoot, Sheryl (2016), Global Indigenous politics: A Subtle Revolution. London and New York: Routledge.
Macklem, Patrick (2001), Indigenous Difference and the Constitution of Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Malloy, Tove H., Alexander Osipov and Balázs Vizi (eds.) (2015), Managing Diversity through Non-Territorial Autonomy: Assessing Advantages, Deficiencies and Risks. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Minnerup, Günter and Pia Solberg (eds.) (2011), First World, First Nations. Internal Colonialism and Indigenous Self-determination in Northern Europe and Australia. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press.
Moore, Margaret (2003), “An Historical Argument for Indigenous Self-Determination”, in Macedo, S. and A. Buchanan, Secession and Self- Determination, pp. 89–118.
Nimni, Ephraim (2015), “Minorities and the Limits of Liberal Democracy and Non-Territorial Autonomy”, in Malloy, Tove H. and Francesco Palermo (eds.), Minority Accommodation through Territorial and Non-Territorial Autonomy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 57–82.
—. (ed.) (2005), National Cultural Autonomy and its Contemporary Critics. London and New York: Routledge.
—. (ed.) (2000), The Question of Nationalities and Social Democracy: Otto Bauer.
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Orange, Richard (2020), “Indigenous Reindeer Herders win Hunting Rights Battle in Sweden” Guardian, 23 January.
Patton, Paul (2005), “National Autonomy and Indigenous Sovereignty”, in Nimni, E. (ed.), National Cultural Autonomy and its Contemporary Critics, pp. 96–105.
Pentassuglia, Gaetano (2018), Ethno-Cultural Diversity and Human Rights: Challenges and Critique. Leiden: Brill and Martinus Nijhoff.
Renan Ernst (1882), “Qu’est ce qu’une Nation?”, Paris: Sorbonne.
Robbins, Jane (2015), “Indigenous Political Representation in Liberal Democratic Countries: A Comparative Analysis”, in Berg-Nordlie, Mikkel, Jo Saglie, Ann Sullivan (eds.), Indigenous Politics: Institutions, Representation, Mobilisation, Colchester: ECPR Press, pp. 61–93.
Salat, Levente (2015), “Conclusion”, in Malloy, T. H., A. Osipov and B. Vizi (eds.), Managing Diversity through Non-Territorial Autonomy: Assessing Advantages, Deficiencies and Risks, pp. 249–274.
Sullivan, Tom (2011), “UN report slams Sweden over treatment of Samis”, Radio Sweden, 13 January, (internet) available at https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=4289211 (viewed 22 May, 2020)
Sanders, Douglas (1986), “Is Autonomy a Principle of International Law?”, Nordic Journal of International Law 55: 17–21.
Selle, Per and Kristin Strømsnes (2010), “Saami Citizenship: Marginalisation or Integration?”, Acta Borealia 27(1): 66–90.
Singh, Suresh K. (1993), “The Problem”, Seminar: Marginalised Tribals 412: 12–18.
Smith David (2013a), “Challenges of Non-Territorial Autonomy in Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe”, in Nimni, Ephraim, Alexander Osipov and David Smith (eds.), The Challenge of Non-Territorial Autonomy: Theory and Practice, Oxford: Peter Lang, pp. 117–132.
—. (2013b), “Non-Territorial Autonomy and Political Community in Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe”, Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe 12(1): 27–55.
Stavenhagen, Rodolfo (1994), “Indigenous Rights: Some Conceptual Problems”, in Assiens, Willem and Andre Hoekema (eds.), Indigenous People’s Experience with Self-Government, International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, Document no. 76.
Stepien, Adam, Anna Petrétei and Timo Koivurova (2015), “Sámi Parliaments in Finland, Norway, and Sweden”, in Malloy, T. H., A. Osipov and B. Vizi (eds.), Managing Diversity through Non-Territorial Autonomy: Assessing Advantages, Deficiencies and Risks, pp. 117–138.
Tomaselli, Alexandra (2016a), Indigenous People and Their Right to Political Participation. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
—. (2016b), “Exploring Indigenous Self-Government and Forms of Autonomy”, in Lennox, Corinne and Damien Short (eds.), Handbook of Indigenous Peoples’ Rights, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 83–100.
—. (2012), “Autonomía indígena originaria campesina in Bolivia: Realizing the Indigenous Autonomy?”, European Diversity and Autonomy Papers EDAP 01.
Tomaselli, Alexandra and Petra Granholm (2009), “The Frustrations of the Right to Political Participation of Minorities: Practical Limitations in the Case of the Nordic Sámi and the Roma”, European Yearbook of Minority Issues 8(1): 149–185.
Verma, R. C. (1990), Indian Tribes Through the Ages. New Delhi: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
Vizi, Balázs (2015), “Minority Self-Governments in Hungary”, in Malloy, T. H., A. Osipov and B. Vizi (eds.), Managing Diversity through Non-Territorial Autonomy: Assessing Advantages, Deficiencies and Risks, pp. 31–52.
Weller, Mark (2009), “Settling Self-Determination Conflicts: Recent Developments”, The European Journal of International Law 20(1): 111–165.
Weller, Mark and Katherine Nobbs (eds.) (2010), Asymmetric Autonomy and the Settlement of Ethnic Conflicts. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Wiberg, Matti (1998), “Political Autonomy: Ambiguities and Clarifications”, in Suksi, Markku (ed.), Autonomy: Applications and Implications, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, pp. 43–58.
Xanthaki, Alexandra (2007), Indigenous Rights and United Nations Standards: Self-Determination, Culture and Land. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Reports
International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA) (1995). The Indigenous World 1994-95.
Preparatory Report from the Sámi Parliament in Sweden/ Sámediggi/Sámedigge/Saemiedigkie/Sametinget for the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Ms. Victoria Tauli-Corpuz, prior to her 2015 August visit to Sápmi and Sweden
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples on the human rights situation of the Sámi people in the Sápmi region of Norway, Sweden and Finland, UN A/HRC/33/42/Add.3, 2016
United Nations (2011) A/HRC/18/XX/Add.Y, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Indigenous People, James Anaya, 12 January 2011
UN human rights experts find Finland violated Sámi political rights to Sámi Parliament representation, 4 February 2019, internet (available at) https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=24137&LangID=E (viewed 22 May 2020)
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Published
01.10.2020
How to Cite
Shikova, N. (2020) “The possibilities and limits of non-territorial autonomy in securing indigenous self-determination”, Filozofija i društvo/Philosophy and Society. Belgrade, Serbia, 31(3), pp. 363–381. doi: 10.2298/FID2003363S.
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Section
NON-TERRITORIAL AUTONOMY AS AN ENRICHMENT OF REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
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Articles published in Philosophy and Society are open-access in accordance with the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 License.
