Anthropocene, Capitalocene, Machinocene: Illusions of Instrumental Reason
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2298//FID1904543SAbstract
In their seminal work, Dialectics of Enlightenment, Horkheimer and Adorno interpreted capitalism as the irrational monetization of nature. In the present work, I analyze three 21st century concepts, Anthropocene, Capitalocene and Machinocene, in light of Horkheimer and Adorno’s arguments and recent arguments from the philosophy of biology. The analysis reveals a remarkable prescience of the term “instrumental reason”, which is present in each of the three concepts in a profound and cryptic way. In my interpretation, the term describes the propensity of science based on the notion of physicalism to interpret nature as the machine analyzable and programmable by the human reason. As a result, the Anthropocene concept is built around the mechanicist model, which may be presented as the metaphor of the car without brakes. In a similar fashion, the Machinocene concept predicts the emergence of the mechanical mind, which will dominate nature in the near future. Finally, the Capitalocene concept turns a perfectly rational ambition to expand knowledge into an irrational obsession with over-knowledge, by employing the institutionalized science as the engine of capitalism without brakes. The common denominator of all three concepts is the irrational propensity to legitimize self-destruction. Potential avenues for countering the effects of “instrumental reason” are suggested.
References
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Mithen, Steven (1996), The Prehistoty of the Mind. London: Thames and Hudson.
Monastersky, Richard (2015), Anthropocene: The Human Age, Nature, 519: 144–147.
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Moore, Jason (2017), “The Capitalocene, Part I: On the Nature and Origin of our Ecological Crisis”, Journal of Peasant Studies 44 (3): 594–630.
–. (2017), “The Capitalocene, Part II: Accumulation by Appropriation and the Centrality of Unpaid Work/Energy”, Journal of Peasant Studies 45 (2): 237–279.
Mueller, Ulirch G, Nicole M. Gerardo, Duur K. Aanen, Diana L. Six, and Ted R. Schultz (2005), “The Evolution of Agriculture in Insects”, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 36: 563–595.
Mumford, Lewis (1934), Technics and Civilization. San Diego: Harcourt.
Okasha, Samir (2005), “Multilevel Selection and Major Transitions in Evolution”, Philosophy of Science 72: 1013–1025.
O’Shea-Wheller, Thomas, Naoki A. Masuda, Ana B. Sendova-Franks, and Nigel Franks (2017), “Variability in Individual Assessment Behaviour and its Implications for Collectivedecision-Making”, Proceeding of the Royal Society B 284: 20162237.
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–. (1979), Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach. Revised Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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Sagan, Dorion (2017), “Coda. Beautiful Monsters: Terra in the Cyanocene”, in Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing, Heather Anne Swanson, Elaine Gan, and Nils Bubandt (eds.), Arts of Living on a Damaged Planet: Ghosts and Monsters of the Anthropocene, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 169–174
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Schwab, Klaus (2016), The Fourth Industrial Revolution. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
Seeley, Thomas D. (2010), Honeybee Democracy. Princteon: Princeton University Press.
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–. (2018b), The Saint and the Sinner: How We Misuse Science and the Future of Humanity [Svetac i grešnik: Kako zloupotrebljavamo nauku i budućnost čovječanstva], Akademska knjiga: Novi Sad.
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–. (1979), Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity. New York: E. P. Dutton .
Ben-Jacob, Eshel (1998), “Bacterial Wisdom, Gödel’s Theorem and Creative Genomic Webs”, Physica A 248: 57–76.
Bostrom, Nick (2014), Superintelligence, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bradie, Michael (1986), “Assessing Evolutionary Epistemology”, Biology and Philosophy 1: 401–459.
Camazine, Scott, Jean-Louis Deneubourg, Nigel R Franks, James Sneyd, Guy Theraulaz, and Eric Bonabeau (2003), Self-Organization in Biological Systems. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Capra, Fritjof (1997), The Web of Life: A New Synthesis of Mind and Matter. London: Flamingo.
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Costa, Alan, Heraldo Vasconcelos, Ernane Vieira-Neto, and Emilio Bruna (2008), “Do Herbivores Exert Top-Down Effects in Neotropical Savannas? Estimates of Biomass Consumption By Leaf-Cutter Ants”, Journal of Vegetation Science 19: 849–854.
Crespi, Bernard, J., and Douglas Yanega (1995), “The Definition of Eusociality”, Behavioral Ecology 6: 109–115.
Crutzen, Paul J., and Eugene F Stoermer (2000), “The Anthropocene”, Global Change Newsletter 41: 17–18.
Cunningham, Andrew, and Perry Williams (1993), “De-centering the Big Picture: The Origins of Modern Science and the Modern Origin of Science”, British Journal for History of Science 26: 407–432.
De Angelis, Donald, Post Wilfried M., and Curtis C. Travis (1986), Positive Feedback in Natural Systems. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Diamond, Jared (1991), The Rise and Fall of the Third Chimpanzee: How our Animal Heritage Affects the Way We Live. New York: Vintage.
Dunbar, Robin (1996), The Trouble with Science. London: Faber and Faber.
Elsasser, Walter (1998), Reflections on a Theory of Organisms. Baltimor: The John Hopkins University Press.
–. (1958), The Physical Foundation of Biology: An Analytical Study. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Eskridge, Wiliam N. (1993), “A History of Same-Sex Marriages”, Virginia Law Review 79: 1419–1513.
Ferguson, Niall (2012), Civilization: The Six Killer Apps of Western Power. London: Penguin Books.
Foster, Kevin R, and Francis W. L. Ratnieks (2005), “A New Eusocial Vertebrate?”, Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20: 363–364.
Gowdy, John, and Lisi Krall (2013), “The Ultrasocial Origin of the Anthropocene”, Ecological Economics 95: 137–147.
Hawken, Paul, Lovins Aamory, and Hunter L. Lovins (1999), Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution. New York: Little, Brown & Company
Hawking, Stephen (2003), On the Shoulders of Giants: The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy. London: Penguin Books.
Horkheimer, Max, and Theodor Adorno (2002), The Dialectics of Enlightenment: Philosophical Fragments. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Hölldobler, Bert, and Edward O. Wilson (2009), The Superorganism. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
–. (1990), The Ants. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Kallmeyer, Jens, Robert Pockalny, Rishi R Adhikari, David C Smith, Steven D’Hondt (2012), “Global Distribution of Microbial Abundance and Biomass in Subseafloor Sediment”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109: 16213–16216.
Kineman, John J. (2011), “Relational Science: A Synthesis”, Axiomathes 21(3): 393–437.
–. (2007), “Modeling Relations in Nature and Eco-Informatics: A Practical Application of Rosennean Complexity”, Chemistry and Biodiversity 4: 2436–2457.
Kineman, John J, Bela Banathy, Judith A. Rosen (2007), “The Atomistic Structure Of Re¬lationship: Robert Rosen’s Implicate Order”, Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the International Society for the Systems Sciences, Tokyo, August 5–7, 2007.
Lewis, Simon L, Mark A. Maslin (2015), “Defining the Anthropocene”, Nature 519: 171–180.
Klein, Naomi (2007), The Shock Doctrine. London: Penguin Books.
Larsen, Brendan B., Elizabeth C. Miller, Matthew K. Rhodes, and John J. Wiens (2017), “Inordinate Fondness Multiplied and Redistributed: The Number of Species on Earth and the New Pie of Life”, The Quarterly Review of Biology 92: 229–265.
Levin–Epstein, Ohad Ranit Aharonov, and Lilach Hadany (2017), “Microbes Can Help Explain the Evolution of Host Altruism”, Nature Communication 8: 14040.
Li-Hua, Richard (2013), “Definitions of Technology”, in Jan Kyrre Berg Olsen, Stig Andur Pedersen, Vincent F. Hendricks (eds.), A Companion to the Philosophy of Technology, Hoboken: Willey-Blackwell, pp. 18–22.
Lovelock, James, and Lynn E. Margulis (1974), “Atmospheric Homeostasis by and for the Biosphere: The Gaia Hypothesis”, Tellus 26: 2–10.
Lyon, Pamela (2015), “The Cognitive Cell: Bacterial Behavior Reconsidered” Frontiers in Microbiology 6: 264.
Lyon, Pamela (2017), “Environmental Complexity, Adaptability and Bacterial Cognition: Godfrey-Smith’s Hypothesis under the Microscope”, Biology and Philosophy 32: 443–465.
Maddox, John (1999), What Remains to Be Discovered? New York: Free Press.
Mancuso, Stefano, and Alessandra Viola (2015), Brilliant Green: The Surprising History and Science of Plant Intelligence. Washington, D.C: Island Press.
Margulis, Lynn (1970), Origin of Eukaryotic Cells. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Margulis, Lynn, Dorion Sagan (1997), Microcosmos: Four Billion Years of Microbial Evolution. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Maturana, Humberto R., and Francisco J. Varela (1998), The Tree of Knowledge: The Biological Roots of Human Understanding. Boston: Shambhala.
McBrein, Justin (2017), “Accumulating Extinction Planetary Catastrophism in the Necrocene”, in Jason W. Moore (ed.), Anthropocene or Capitalocene? Nature, History, and the Crisis of Capitalism. Oakland: PM Press, pp. 116–137.
Merton, Robert K. (1993), On the Shoulders of Giants. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Mithen, Steven (1996), The Prehistoty of the Mind. London: Thames and Hudson.
Monastersky, Richard (2015), Anthropocene: The Human Age, Nature, 519: 144–147.
Mora, Camilo, Derek P. Tittensor, Sina Adl, and Alastair G. Simpson, Bors Worm (2011), “How Many Species are there on Earth and in the Ocean?”, PLOS Biol. 9(8): e1001127.
Moore, Jason (2017), “The Capitalocene, Part I: On the Nature and Origin of our Ecological Crisis”, Journal of Peasant Studies 44 (3): 594–630.
–. (2017), “The Capitalocene, Part II: Accumulation by Appropriation and the Centrality of Unpaid Work/Energy”, Journal of Peasant Studies 45 (2): 237–279.
Mueller, Ulirch G, Nicole M. Gerardo, Duur K. Aanen, Diana L. Six, and Ted R. Schultz (2005), “The Evolution of Agriculture in Insects”, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 36: 563–595.
Mumford, Lewis (1934), Technics and Civilization. San Diego: Harcourt.
Okasha, Samir (2005), “Multilevel Selection and Major Transitions in Evolution”, Philosophy of Science 72: 1013–1025.
O’Shea-Wheller, Thomas, Naoki A. Masuda, Ana B. Sendova-Franks, and Nigel Franks (2017), “Variability in Individual Assessment Behaviour and its Implications for Collectivedecision-Making”, Proceeding of the Royal Society B 284: 20162237.
Plotkin, Henry C. (1982), Learning, Development and Culture: Essays in Evolutionary Epistemology. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
Popper, Karl (1982), The Open Universe: An Argument for Indeterminism. London: Routledge.
–. (1979), Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach. Revised Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Price, Huw (2016), “Now It’s Time to Prepare for the Machinocene”, AEON
https://aeon.co/ideas/now-it-s-time-to-prepare-for-the-machinocene Accessed 15th January 2019.
Quine, Willard V.O (1969), “Epistemology Naturalized”, in Willard V.O. Quine (ed.), Ontological Relativity and Other Essays, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 69–90.
Rees, Martin (2003), Our Final Century: Will the Human Race Survive the Twenty-First Century? London: Heinmann.
Robinson, Elva J. H, Ofer Feinerman, and Nigel R. Franks (2014), “How Collective Comparisons Emerge without Individual Comparisons of the Options”, Proceeding of the Royal Society B, 281: 20140737.
Rose, Steven (2005), Lifelines. New York: Vintage.
Rosen, Robert (1991), Life Itself: A Comprehensive Inquiry into the Nature, Origin and Fabrication of Life. New York: Columbia University Press.
–. (1985), Anticipatory Systems: Philosophical, Mathematical and Methodological Foundations. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Rudimann, Wiliam F, Erle C. Ellis Jed O. Kaplan, and Dorian Q. Fuller (2015), “Defining The Epoch We Live In: Is A Formally Designated ʽAnthropoceneʼ a Good Idea?”, Science 348(6230): 38.
Sagan, Lynn (1967), “On the Origin of Mitosing Cells”, Journal of Theoretical Biology 14: 225–274.
Sagan, Dorion (2017), “Coda. Beautiful Monsters: Terra in the Cyanocene”, in Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing, Heather Anne Swanson, Elaine Gan, and Nils Bubandt (eds.), Arts of Living on a Damaged Planet: Ghosts and Monsters of the Anthropocene, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 169–174
Schumaker, Robert, Kristina W. Walkup, and Benjamin B. Beck (2011), Animal Tool Behavior: The Use and Manufacture of Tools by Animals. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
Scoener, Thomas W. (2011), “The Newest Synthesis: Understanding the Interplay of Evolutionary and Ecological Dynamics”, Science 331(6016): 426–429.
Schwab, Klaus (2016), The Fourth Industrial Revolution. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
Seeley, Thomas D. (2010), Honeybee Democracy. Princteon: Princeton University Press.
Slijepcevic, Predrag (2018a), “Evolutionary Epistemology: Reviewing and Reviving with New Data the Research Programme for Distributed Biological Intelligence”, BioSystems 163: 23–35.
–. (2018b), The Saint and the Sinner: How We Misuse Science and the Future of Humanity [Svetac i grešnik: Kako zloupotrebljavamo nauku i budućnost čovječanstva], Akademska knjiga: Novi Sad.
–. (2017), “Microbes Have Their Own Version of the Internet”, https://theconversation.com/microbes-have-their-own-version-of-the-internet-75642. Accessed 15th January 2019.
Smith, Peter A. (2015), “Brain, meet gut”, Nature 526: 312–314.
Soete, Luc, Susan Schneegans, Deniz Eröcal, Baskaran Angathevar, and Rajah Rasiah (2015), UNESCO Science Report: Towards 2030 (Executive Summary). Paris: UNESCO.
Stoljar, Daniel (2017), “Physicalism”, in Edward N. Zalta (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2017 Edition), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/physicalism/.
Strassen, Carl (2018), “Bergson: Rights, Instincts, Visions and War”, Philosophy Now 124: 10–13.
Teman, Elly (2008), “The Social Construction of Surrogacy Research: An Anthropological Critique of Psychosocial Scholaraship on Surrogate Motherhood”, Social Science and Medicine 67: 1104–1112.
Wächtershäuser, Gunter (1997), “The Origin of Life and its Methodological Challenge”, Journal of Theoretical Biology 187(4): 483–494.
Weinner, Norbert (1989), The Human Use of Human Beings: Cybernetics and Society. London: Free Association Books.
Whitman, William B, David C Coleman, and William J. Wiebe (1998), “Prokaryotes: Unseen Majority”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95: 6578–6583.
Wilson, Edward O. (2012), The Social Conquest of Earth. New York: Liveright.
–. (1984), Biophilia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Wilson, Edward O., Bert Hölldobler (2005), “Eusociality: Origin and Consequences”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102(38): 13367–13371.
Zilber-Rosenberg, Ilana, and Eugene Rosenberg (2008), “Role of Microorganisms in the Evolution of Animals and Plants: The Hologenome Theory of Evolution”, FEMS Microbiology Review 32: 723–735.
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28.12.2019
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Slijepčević, P. (2019) “Anthropocene, Capitalocene, Machinocene: Illusions of Instrumental Reason”, Filozofija i društvo/Philosophy and Society. Belgrade, Serbia, 30(4), pp. 543–570. doi: 10.2298//FID1904543S.
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STUDIES AND ARTICLES
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